Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are comprised of the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). Proteins. Proteins are comprised of amino acids. Lipids. A wide variety of biomolecules including fats, oils, waxes and steroid hormones. Nucleic Acids. What are the 4 biomolecules what are their functions? carbohydrates. supply sugars to be broken down into ATP for…

The two main experimental procedures for the study of associative learning are Pavlovian (aka classical) and operant (aka instrumental) conditioning. Pavlovian conditioning involves the learning of a contingency relationship between two stimuli. What is associative learning in biology? Associative learning is the process through which organisms acquire information about relationships between events or entities in…

Physical or biological anthropology deals with the evolution of humans, their variability, and adaptations to environmental stresses. Using an evolutionary perspective, we examine not only the physical form of humans – the bones, muscles, and organs – but also how it functions to allow survival and reproduction. What are the subfields of physical biological anthropology?…

The effects of mutations can vary widely, from being beneficial, to having no effect, to having lethal consequences, and every possibility in between. What is a mutation and its effects? A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to…

Within the discipline of ecology, researchers work at five broad levels, sometimes discretely and sometimes with overlap: organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. Let’s take a look at each level. What are the levels of biological organization in ecology? In ecology, three levels of organization are generally recognized: organisms, populations, and communities (biocoenoses). What are…

There are many types of processes that move carbon from one reservoir to another. These processes include photosynthesis, plant and soil organisms’ respiration, combustion, decomposition, and deforestation. Geological processes, include weathering, erosion, and sedimentation. What is the biological process of carbon cycle? The biological carbon cycle is the rapid exchange of carbon among living things;…

A psychologist with a social perspective might look at the group dynamics and pressures that contribute to such behavior. The biological viewpoint, on the other hand, would involve looking at the biological roots that lie behind aggressive behaviors. What is the difference between psychological and biological? Psychology and the Biological Sciences: The biological sciences study…

Enantiomers frequently have substantially different biological activity because they bind to receptors in the body that are also chiral. If one enantiomer molecule binds to complementary chiral binding site on an enzyme, the mirror image of the original molecule will not bind nearly as well, if at all. What are enantiomers in biology? Enantiomers are…

Organic compounds essential to human functioning include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides. These compounds are said to be organic because they contain both carbon and hydrogen. What are the four organic compounds that are important to human life? The four types most important to human structure and function are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides. What…

an anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue eventually can continue to produce a small amount of ATP without oxygen. Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen. Pyruvate and NADH from glycolysis enter the fermentation process. What type of fermentation occurs in humans? Humans undergo lactic acid fermentation when the…

Signal transduction pathways regulate many important cellular functions such as growth, differentiation, metabolism, and survival. Many of these signaling pathways are altered in human cancer. What is a signal transduction pathway in biology? Learn how signals are relayed inside a cell starting from the cell membrane receptor. The chains of molecules that relay intracellular signals…

Small-Scale Chemistry involves the use of non-traditional methods, apparatus, and techniques that have been developed in microbiology, molecular biology, and nano-technology research. What are small scale techniques List 5 precautions that must be taken before beginning an experiment? Wash hands. Remove any jewelry. Tie back long hair. Wear proper clothing (no loose clothes, close-toed shoes,…

When only the wire mother had food, the babies came to the wire mother to feed and immediately returned to cling to the cloth surrogate. Harlow’s work showed that infants also turned to inanimate surrogate mothers for comfort when they were faced with new and scary situations. What was Harlow’s contribution to psychology? Harry Frederick…

These include the chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and the organism level. What are the 6 levels of organization from smallest to largest biology? The levels, from smallest to largest, are: molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere. How many levels of organization are there in humans? The anatomy of…

All anthropological field methods can be grouped into five basic categories: (1) material observation, (2) biological observation, (3) behavioural observation, (4) direct communication, and (5) participant-observation. What is the main focus of biological anthropology? What is Biological Anthropology? Biological Anthropology deals with the evolution of humans and primates, our closest relatives, their variability and how…

Homeostasis = The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. Reproduction = The ability to form a new offspring. Metabolism = The ability to obtain and use. energy for growth and movement. DNA/Heredity = Genetic material that is passed on during reproduction. What are the 8 characteristics of life in biology? All living organisms share…

Properties of Life. All living organisms share several key characteristics or functions: order, sensitivity or response to the environment, reproduction, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing. When viewed together, these characteristics serve to define life. What are the 7 basic characteristics of living things? There are seven characteristics of living things: movement, breathing…

There are four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), and each is an important component of the cell and performs a wide array of functions. Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a cell’s mass. What are the 4 major macromolecules and their functions? The four main macromolecules are…

The molecular mechanism of action (MMoA) of a medicine is the connection of the molecular interactions between the therapeutic treatment and the biological target (e.g., receptor, enzyme, etc.) that yields the physiological response. What are examples of molecular mechanisms? We selected three molecular mechanisms to explore knowledge integration in undergraduate MCB: DNA replication, transcription, and…

Carbohydrates. Nucleic acids. Proteins. What are the major categories of biological macromolecules? There are four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), and each is an important component of the cell and performs a wide array of functions. What are the 3 main macromolecules in food? Macronutrient refers specifically to the…