The 10-mL graduated cylinders are always read to 2 decimal places (e.g. 5.50 mL) and the 100-mL graduated cylinders are always read to 1 decimal place (e.g. 50.5 mL). so that the line at the bottom of the meniscus gives the most accurate reading. How many decimal places does a volumetric flask measure? This is […]
How do you label formal charges? How do you find the formal charge on a resonance structure? Calculating Formal Charge Another way of saying this is that formal charge results when we take the number of valence electrons of a neutral atom, subtract the nonbonding electrons, and then subtract the number of bonds connected to […]
Apologia courses are among the best options for college-prep, lab science courses for junior and senior high that allow students to study independently if they wish to. What grade level is Exploring Creation with Chemistry and Physics? Exploring Creation with Chemistry and Physics is a homeschool science course for elementary grades K-6 and part of […]
The entropy of vaporization is then equal to the heat of vaporization divided by the boiling point. According to Trouton’s rule, the entropy of vaporization (at standard pressure) of most liquids has similar values. The typical value is variously given as 85 J/(molยทK), 88 J/(molยทK) and 90 J/(molยทK). How do you calculate molar heat of […]
the ratio of solutes to solvent. the size of the solutes. the temperature of the solvent. the duration of time the two substances are mixed. how much the solution is agitated. How will you increase the efficiency of extraction process? The Crush. Finely crushed malt yields more extract. Temperature. There are two temperature-related effects on […]
Results of using vinegar in the cyanotype developer The vinegar does two useful things in these experiments: it brings out significantly more midtone detail from my negatives, and provides a satisfying print in about half the exposure time water development requires. How do you coat a cyanotype? What kind of paper is best for cyanotype […]
Net ionic and ionic equation calculator is a free online tool that shows the structure, equilibrium constant, balanced equation, substance properties with chemical formulas and names. The balanced net ionic equation calculator tool makes the prediction quick and easier and displays the answer in a fraction of seconds. How do you find the net ionic […]
In the case of asymmetric phosphine ligands the cone angle can be estimated by averaging the three angles between the phosphorus substituents: ฮธ = 1/3 (ฮธ1 + ฮธ2 + ฮธ3). Figure 1. NiโPR3 model to measure the Tolman cone angle. What is cone angle in chemistry? The Tolman cone angle is one of the most […]
Read our affiliate disclosure. Chemistry is a term often used to describe the intense feeling of attraction between two people. Some people say that the most intense chemistry is the kind you feel when you’re in love with someone. What does good chemistry feel like? Good chemistry feels natural and right. “Chemistry is when your […]
The equilibrium constant expression is a mathematical relationship that shows how the concentrations of the products vary with the concentration of the reactants. If the value of K is greater than 1, the products in the reaction are favored. If the value of K is less than 1, the reactants in the reaction are favored. […]
The x-axis of an NMR spectrum is called the delta scale. It shows the position of resonance of each nucleus relative to a standard (TMS) and has units of ppm. How do you calculate Delta in NMR? How do you calculate shielding in NMR? What is the delta value for TMS in NMR? The delta […]
Which techniques in the laboratory can assist with the identification of an unknown compound? If unknown compound is crystalline solid,X-ray diffraction technique is best for elucidating the structure. In case the compound is liquid, use of combind IR, UV, Mass and NMR techniques are sufficient in solving the structure. What is the most accurate way […]
Relative Standard Deviation Excel Use a combination of the following commands to get the mean and std dev, then multiply by 100: =average(a1:A10) =std dev(a1:A10) How do you find average deviation in chemistry? Calculating the mean average helps you determine the deviation from the mean by calculating the difference between the mean and each value. […]
When Zoe stirs the hot water with the Gallium spoon, the metal melts. This is an example of a physical change because the Gallium changed forms, but it didn’t change into a new substance (it is still Gallium). What happens when gallium reacts with water? Gallium does not react with water at temperatures up to […]
What is the initial rate method in chemistry? A common experimental approach to the determination of rate laws is the method of initial rates. This method involves measuring reaction rates for multiple experimental trials carried out using different initial reactant concentrations. How do you find the initial rate order? Why do we calculate initial rate? […]
As a rule of thumb, the higher the oxidation state of the central carbon, the higher the priority of the functional group. How do functional groups relate to polarity? Functional groups can sometimes be classified as having polar or nonpolar properties depending on their atomic composition and organization. The term polar describes something that has […]
There are two requirements for a molecule to be considered a good electrophile. First, it must contain an electrophilic center or atom. Second, the electrophilic atom must be able to accommodate a new sigma bond. How do you tell if a reaction is nucleophilic or electrophilic? This can be identified by the Lewis structures of […]
What does first derivative tell you in titration? To obtain a better approximation of the volume at the equivalence point, one can do a first derivative plot. This plots the change of pH divided by the change in volume versus the volume of NaOH. This shows the change in slope of the titration curve as […]
What is Q? The reaction quotient Q is a measure of the relative amounts of products and reactants present in a reaction at a given time. How do you find Q value in chemistry? To find the reaction quotient Q, multiply the activities for the species of the products and divide by the activities of […]
How do you know if a compound is sp2 or sp3? Which hybridization are found in organic compounds? The different types of hybridization (sp3, sp2, sp) in carbon determines the structure and reactivity of carbon compounds that are formed. Hybridized orbitals are formed by the mixing of orbitals where electrons are mostly in an excited […]
Chemical reactions involve changes – changes of reactants into products. Basic chemical reactions can be grouped into categories based on the types of changes that are occuring during the reaction. There are five basic categories – synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single replacement, and double replacement. What are the 6 types of chemical reaction? synthesis reaction. decomposition […]
Use the periodic table. The usual charge of an element is common to its group. Use a chart. For a single atom, the charge is the number of protons minus the number of electrons. Find the charge by balancing charge in a compound. How do you calculate formal charge in organic chemistry? How do you […]
How do you identify an unknown substance in chemistry? Gas Chromatography (GC) Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) Ion Chromatography (IC) High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Dispersive Raman Spectroscopy. Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) How do you identify an unknown element in a lab? How do you analyze an unknown solution? What is the most accurate […]
How do you change a decimal to scientific notation on a TI 30xs? Can a TI 30XS do scientific notation? How do you put scientific notation in a TI 30xa calculator? Is the TI 30X IIS good for chemistry? Oh yeah, seems to be the one with the most color choices. So if pink is […]
Classify reactions as synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, or combustion. What are the 4 main classifications of chemical reactions? The main four types of reactions are direct combination, analysis reaction, single displacement, and double displacement. How do you identify chemical reactions? Color Change. Precipitate Formation (solid formation falling out of solution) Gas Formation (bubbles […]
In order for ฮฝ to be in cm-1, c, the speed of light must be in cm. sec-1, k, the force constant in erg/cm2, and ฮผ the reduced mass in grams. For a molecule, the force constants are obtained by diagonalization of the mass-weighted Hessian matrix. How do you find the force constant in chemistry? […]
Other halogen containing reagents which add to double bonds include hypohalous acids, HOX, and sulfenyl chlorides, RSCl. These reagents are unsymmetrical, so their addition to unsymmetrical double bonds may in principle take place in two ways. How do you create a double bond in organic chemistry? Addition of hydrogen to a carbon-carbon double bond is […]
Polymerization Reactions The chemical reaction in which high molecular mass molecules are formed from monomers is known as polymerization. There are two basic types of polymerization, chain-reaction (or addition) and step-reaction (or condensation) polymerization. How are polymers different from other molecules? One major difference between polymers and small molecules (monomers) are the characteristics that polymers […]