ddNTPs result in termination of the DNA strand because ddNTPs lack the 3′-OH group required for phosphodiester bond formation between nucleotides. Without this bond, the chain of nucleotides being formed is terminated.
Table of Contents
What is termination in chemistry?
Termination reaction in which two free radicals react with each other to produce a final product – two common forms of termination reactions are recombination reactions, in which two radicals combine to form a molecule that does not contain a free radical; From: The Refinery of the Future, 2011.
What are the different possibilities in the chain terminating step?
Therefore, the three methods of chain termination in a free radical mechanism are: Coupling, disproportionation and chain transfer.
What causes a chemical chain reaction?
A chemical chain reaction is a series of chemical reactions where the products of the reaction contribute to the reactants of another reaction. This transformation of products to reactants allows a reaction to continue with minimal or no outside influence.
How does chain termination method work?
Sanger sequencing, also known as chain-termination sequencing, refers to a method of DNA sequencing developed by Frederick Sanger in 1977. This method is based on amplification of the DNA fragment to be sequenced by DNA polymerase and incorporation of modified nucleotides – specifically, dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs).
What is chain termination codon?
Chain-termination codon: A set of three adjacent bases in the DNA or their complementary bases in messenger RNA that specifies the end of a polypeptide chain. The three chain-termination codons (in messenger RNA) are UAA, UAG, and UGA.
How do you terminate a radical reaction?
A termination step of a radical chain reaction is one in which two radicals react together in some way so that the chain can no longer be propagated.
Which represents a termination step of a radical reaction?
How do you react to termination?
- Stay Present and Manage Your Emotions.
- Keep Your Dignity.
- Get Your Stories Straight.
- Inquire About Getting Assistance Finding a New Role.
- Ask if You’re Allowed to Apply for Other Positions Internally.
- Take Care of You.
How can you identify whether the termination occurs through combination or disproportionation in radical polymerization?
One can determine if this mode of termination is occurring by monitoring the molecular weight of the propagating species: combination will result in doubling of molecular weight. Also, combination will result in a polymer that is C2 symmetric about the point of the combination.
Why is it necessary to include only one chain terminating synthesis terminating nucleotide?
Adding only a fraction of the terminating nucleotide ensures the random incorporation of dideoxynucleotides in only a small subset of molecules. Since different chain-terminating nucleotides are used in the four sequencing reactions, all combinations of termination can be produced.
Which of the following happens in termination step of the free radical polymerisation?
Which of the following happens in termination step of the free radical polymerisation? Explanation: Termination reaction in which our unpaired electrons can shut down the polymerization: it’s is called disproportionation.
How do you stop a chain reaction?
The only way to control or stop a nuclear chain reaction is to stop the neutrons from splitting more atoms. Control rods made of a neutron-absorbing element such as boron reduce the number of free neutrons and take them out of the reaction.
What conditions are required for a chain reaction?
In order to sustain a chain reaction, a sample must be large enough to slow the neutrons so that one can be captured by another nucleus and produce a second fission. The sample must also be compact to prevent neutrons from escaping.
What is inhibition in chain reaction?
When repeating steps generate more chain carriers, they are called chain branching reactions, which leads to explosions. If the repeating elementary steps do not lead to the formation of new product, they are called chain inhibition reactions.
What causes termination in Sanger sequencing?
The absence of a hydroxyl group at the 3′ position blocks the polymerization, resulting in termination.
Is chain termination a type of sequencing?
Sanger sequencing, also known as the “chain termination method”, is a method for determining the nucleotide sequence of DNA. The method was developed by two time Nobel Laureate Frederick Sanger and his colleagues in 1977, hence the name the Sanger Sequence.
Why Sanger sequencing is called chain termination sequencing?
Sanger sequencing method also known as chain termination method. In this method a low concentration of a chain terminating nucleotide, commonly known as dideoxy nucleotide is used. Hence this method is also referred to as dideoxy DNA Sequencing procedure.
How do stop codons terminate translation?
Translation ends in a process called termination. Termination happens when a stop codon in the mRNA (UAA, UAG, or UGA) enters the A site. Stop codons are recognized by proteins called release factors, which fit neatly into the P site (though they aren’t tRNAs).
Which of the following functions is termination codon or stop codon?
There are three termination codons, and they are – UAA, UAG & UGA. – Among the given options, AUG is the start codon, UAC codes for Tyrosine and UCA codes for Serine, whereas UAG is the stop codon. Thus, the correct answer is A, i.e. UAG.
Which triplet is known as terminating codon?
Amber codon is a termination codon.
What is termination step?
One or more termination steps: A termination step is a reaction in which radicals are consumed but no new radicals are generated. Termination decreases the concentration of radicals in the system.
How free radicals are terminated?
Chain termination occurs when two free radical species react with each other to form a stable, non-radical adduct. Although this is a very thermodynamically downhill event, it is also very rare due to the low concentration of radical species and the small likelihood of two radicals colliding with one another.
What is termination in addition polymerization?
The termination step involves the reaction of a polymer chain radical with another free radical. These three steps constitute the normal step-growth polymerization process. However, in many cases, a fourth step, namely, chain transfer, is also included.
Which of the following can activate the chain growth?
Which of the following can activate chain initiation? Explanation: The chain initiation can be induced by heat, light or energy radiations or with the help of initiators or catalysts.